Effect of time resolution of rainfall measurements on the erosivity factor in the USLE in China

Rainfall erosivity, one of the factors in the Universal Soil Loss Equation, quantifies the effect of rainfall and runoff on soil erosion. High-resolution data are required to compute rainfall erosivity, but are not widely available in many parts of the world. As the temporal resolution of rainfall measurement decreases, computed rainfall erosivity decreases. The objective of the paper is to derive a series of conversion factors as a function of the time interval to compute rainfall erosivity so that the R factor computed using data at different time intervals could be converted to that computed using 1-min data. Rainfall data at 1-min intervals from 62 stations over China were collected to first compute the ‘true’ R factor values. Underestimation of the R factor was systematically evaluated using data aggregated at 5, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60-min to develop conversion factors for the R factor and the 1-in-10-year storm EI₃₀ values. Compared with true values, the relative error in R factor using data at fixed intervals of ≤10min was <10% for at least 44 out of 62 stations. Errors increased rapidly when the time interval of the rainfall data exceeded 15 min. Relative errors were >10% using 15-min data for 66.1% of stations and >20% using 30-min data for 61.3% of stations. The conversion factors for the R factor, ranging from 1.051 to 1.871 for 5 to 60-min data, are higher than those for the 1-in-10-years storm EI₃₀, ranging from 1.034 to 1.489 for the 62 stations.     

土壤侵蚀下黑龙江省人地系统适应性研究

为缓解人地关系,以对黑龙江省威胁最大的土壤侵蚀为切入点,从"三生"视角分析区域人地系统适应性,并提出基于不同修复优先级的人地系统修复方案。首先,在总结、梳理适应性内涵,整合适应性理论与方法基础上,从"三生"视角提出了基于风险扰动的适应性分析框架,将系统适应性分解为扰动、影响、响应、能力4方面,并从土壤侵蚀风险扰动出发,构建了系统适应性评价指标体系与评价模型;其次,采用极差标准化法、克里格插值法、蔡崇法法和DEA-CCR模型处理数据,利用土壤侵蚀方程测算土壤侵蚀风险,利用适应性评价模型测算适应性指数,分析土壤侵蚀风险和人地系统适应性分布情况;最后,提出基于不同修复优先级组合模式的人地系统修复方案。结果表明:黑龙江省土壤侵蚀风险区面积为1 366.61万hm2,占区域耕地面积的85.74%,高、中、低级别风险规模分别为324.02、596.33、446.26万hm2。高、较高级别人地系统适宜程度区分布在三江平原东北部和松嫩平原东南部地区,中级别分布在大兴安岭和松嫩平原南部地区,低、较低级别分布在东南部山地和松嫩平原北部地区。形成了基于不同修复优先级组合模式的人地系统修复方案,其中53个地区仅存在1种人地系统修复方案,其余27个地区在不同优先级组合模式下形成了不同的人地系统修复方案,为区域人地系统修复提供了多种选择方案。     

黑土长缓坡地形与横垄对土壤有机碳空间分异的交互作用

横坡垄作对坡耕地土壤有机碳（soil organic carbon,SOC）流失有一定的阻控作用,但黑土区特有长而缓的地形与横垄对坡耕地SOC空间分异会产生交互作用,而这种交互作用引发的SOC流失风险没引起足够的重视。该研究以典型黑土区黑龙江省黑河市北安分局红星农场为研究区域,2022年在横坡垄作与顺坡水线方向上共布设25个采样点,采用地理探测器模型、单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA）和Pearson相关性分析,探讨土壤有机碳的空间分异及其交互作用。结果表明,横坡垄作方向上垄沟土壤有机碳含量从坡顶到水线呈现逐渐增大的变化趋势;在垄台从坡顶到水线呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。顺坡水线方向,土壤有机碳含量在垄沟呈现从上坡到下坡增大的变化趋势;在垄台呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。由于断垄产生水线,顺坡土壤有机碳含量上坡与下坡仍有显著差异（P＜0.05）。Pearson相关性分析表明, 有机碳与可蚀性K因子呈显著负相关（垄沟和垄台相关系数分别为–0.228和–0.238,P＜0.05）,与碳循环相关的β-葡萄糖苷酶和微生物生物量碳在垄沟呈极显著正相关（相关系数为0.398和0.676,P<0.01）。地理探测器分析表明,顺坡水线对土壤有机碳空间分异的影响最大,其对垄沟和垄台SOC的解释力分别达到61%和52%以上;顺坡水线与其他因子的交互作用共同增强了对土壤有机碳的解释力,尤其是顺坡水线与高程的交互作用最为明显。黑土区坡耕地土壤有机碳空间分异主要受顺坡水线与高程的交互作用,横坡垄作虽然能够拦截径流,但由于长缓坡地形影响产生的断垄会加剧土壤侵蚀诱发的有机碳流失。因此,黑土坡耕地治理需要同时考虑横垄与地形的共同影响,从而实现防蚀的优化效果。     

生物多样性与地形及土壤因素对坡面产流产沙的耦合影响

生物多样性关系到生态系统的功能,而坡度和土壤因素是影响坡面产流产沙的重要因子。本研究基于黄土丘陵区生物多样性,并引入坡度、降雨前土壤含水量和土壤容重,探究其与坡面产流产沙总量的耦合关系。通过野外人工降雨试验,记录草本、灌木和乔木群落下的产流时间和产流产沙总量,并开展土壤植被调查。结果表明,与草本和乔木群落相比,灌木群落在延长产流开始时间和降低产沙总量上表现更优;植被群落功能离散度指数(FDiv)对产沙总量影响最大,Simpson指数(D)对产流总量影响最大,坡度仍然是不可忽视的第二重要影响因素;产流总量与坡度、土壤容重、D和功能丰富度指数(FRic)的回归关系优于产流总量分别与其的回归关系;产沙总量与坡度和FDiv指数的回归关系优于产沙总量分别与其的回归关系。植被保护与坡度改善将是该区水土保持规划工作的重点。     

The Warrumbungle Post‐Fire Recovery Project—raising the profile of soils

The impacts of a wildfire and subsequent rainfall event in 2013 in the Warrumbungle National Park in New South Wales, Australia were examined in a project designed to provide information on post‐fire recovery expectations and options to land managers. A coherent suite of sub‐projects was implemented, including soil mapping, and studies on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N), erosion rates, groundcover recovery and stream responses. It was found that the loss of SOC and N increased with fire severity, with the greatest losses from severely burnt sandstone ridges. Approximately 2.4 million t of SOC and ~74,000 t of N were lost from soil to a depth of 10 cm across the 56,290 ha affected. Soil loss from slopes during the subsequent rainfall event was modelled up to 25 t ha^?1, compared to a long‐term mean annual soil loss of 1.06 t ha^?1 year^?1. Groundcover averages generally increased after the fire until spring 2015, by which time rates of soil loss returned to near pre‐fire levels. Streams were filled with sand to bank full levels after the fire and rainfall. Rainfall events in 2015–2016 shifted creek systems into a major erosive phase, with incision through the post‐fire sandy bedload deposits, an erosive phase likely related to loss of topsoils over much of the catchment. The effectiveness of the research was secured by a close engagement with park managers in issue identification and a communications programme. Management outcomes flowing from the research included installation of erosion control works, redesign of access and monitoring of key mass movement hazard areas.     

崩岗崩积体坡面糙度及其与侵蚀方式的耦合影响研究

崩岗崩积体是崩岗的主要沙源地。基于人工模拟降雨试验及三维激光扫描技术,研究崩岗崩积体坡面侵蚀过程。研究表明:利用三维激光扫描的点云数据能定量分析降雨前后坡面水蚀特征。全坡面及各坡位均为片蚀总量大于细沟侵蚀总量,但各坡位的侵蚀强度有所差异,其细沟侵蚀强度由大到小表现为下坡、中坡、上坡,片蚀强度由大到小表现为上坡、中坡、下坡。坡面空间糙度由大到小大致呈现下坡位、中坡位、上坡位,坡面侵蚀方式可影响坡面糙度值及变化趋势,而坡面糙度亦能影响各侵蚀方式的侵蚀强度。整个降雨时段内全坡面侵蚀量最大、产沙量次之,沉积量最小,受坡面糙度变化影响,全坡面侵蚀、产沙量均呈现递减趋势。而上坡位的侵蚀、产沙量无明显变化,中、下坡位的侵蚀、产沙量呈对数减小趋势。此外,除上、下坡位沉积量间存在显著差异外,各坡位间侵蚀量、产沙量均无显著差异。     

中国东北漫川漫岗典型黑土区沟道侵蚀特征

[目的] 通过对450 km²黑土区进行实测调查，旨在评估研究区沟道侵蚀现状。[方法] 选取沟道侵蚀严重的450 km²的漫川漫岗黑土区为调查区域，首先在谷歌卫星影像上进行侵蚀沟识别和定位，再对侵蚀沟立体形态进行实地测量。[结果] ①研究区土地利用以耕地为主，耕地、建设用地、林地、草地分别占研究区总面积的85%，8%，6%，1%。②研究区坡耕地占86%，坡度0.25°~3.0°占64%，大于5°的占12%。③共有侵蚀沟1 049条，其中耕地中侵蚀沟577条，占总侵蚀沟条数的55%；沟壑密度1.2 km/km²，按沟壑密度衡量沟蚀强度为中度；沟壑面积比例为2.89%，以此界定沟蚀强度为剧烈。④研究区侵蚀沟平均长度、宽度、深度和面积分别为996，13.1，2.7 m和2.4 hm²。[结论] 漫川漫岗黑土区沟道侵蚀严重，主要危害坡耕地，但侵蚀沟相对较小，易于治理。     

河北省山区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征

[目的] 探究河北省山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征，为该区水土流失治理措施的制定和实施提供科学依据。[方法] 应用时间变化分析和空间分布分析对河北省山区2000-2018年降雨侵蚀力进行分析。[结果] 时间趋势中燕山山区年降雨侵蚀力呈波动上升趋势，主周期为11 a，在2009年发生突变，春、秋两季呈波动下降趋势，主周期分别为8和11 a，春季无突变点，秋季在2001年发生突变，夏季呈波动波动上升趋势，9 a为主周期，在2010年发生突变；太行山区年降雨侵蚀力呈波动下降趋势，主周期为6 a，无突变点，夏、秋两季呈波动上升趋势，主周期分别为8和10 a，均无突变点，春季呈波动下降趋势，主周期为8 a，在2006年发生突变；空间分布中，年均降雨侵蚀力范围为1 063.39~5 127.44 MJ·mm/（hm²·h），燕山山区由西到东年及夏季平均降雨侵蚀力先增长后降低再增长，太行山区中由南向北年、夏季平均降雨侵蚀力逐渐降低，春、秋两季降雨侵蚀力分布规律较为多变。[结论] 通过对河北省山区降雨侵蚀力的分析，得出河北省山区夏季水土流失最为严重，燕山山区部分地区尤为突出。